4.1  Structure Notation

In ECLⁱPS^e, structure fields can be given names. This makes it possible to write structures in a more readable and maintainable way. Such structures first need to be declared by specifying a template like:

Structures with the functor book/4 can then be written as

book{}
book{title:'tom sawyer'}
book{title:'tom sawyer', year:1876, author:twain}

which, in canonical syntax, correspond to the following:

book(_, _, _, _)
book(_, 'tom sawyer', _, _)
book(twain, 'tom sawyer', 1876, _)

There is absolutely no semantic difference between the two syntactical forms. The special struct-syntax with names has the advantage that

• the arguments can be written in any order
• “dummy” arguments with anonymous variables do not need to be written
• the arity of the structure is not implied (and can be changed by changing the declaration and recompiling the program)

Sometimes it is necessary to refer to the numerical position of a structure field within the structure, e.g. in the arg/3 predicate:

arg(3, B, Y)

When the structure has been declared as above, we can write instead:

arg(year of book, B, Y)

Declared structures help readability, and make programs easier to modify. In order not to lose these benefits, one should always use curly-bracket and of-syntax when working with them, and never write them in canonical syntax or referring to argument positions numerically.

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See also the update_struct/4 built-in predicate.